CROSS Safety Report
Stability compromised in school hall
This report is over 2 years old
Overview
A reporter highlights construction issues that occurred during the construction of a new school hall.
Key Learning Outcomes
For construction professionals:
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Alterations to structural elements should not be made unless approved by the design engineer
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Quality control and competent supervision on site can help to ensure that the structure is built in accordance with the design
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Independent supervision on site by the design team or a third-party inspector can reduce the risk of any unauthorised changes from occurring
For client organisations:
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Consider introducing a technical assurance regime to provide additional independent assurance that the requirements of specifications for workmanship, materials, drawings, inspection and test plans are being complied with
Full Report
Find out more about the Full Report
The Full Report below has been submitted to CROSS and describes the reporter’s experience. The text has been edited for clarity and to ensure anonymity and confidentiality by removing any identifiable details. If you would like to know more about our secure reporting process or submit a report yourself, please visit the reporting to CROSS-UK page.
The project in question, says a reporter, is a new school hall; steel framed with infill cavity masonry walls. The building is highly and unusually glazed, and as such, is reliant upon the steel frame for overall stability and to provide restraint to the masonry panels.
Missing reinforcement
An initial 'oversight' by the foundation sub-contractor and the main contractor allowed a reinforced concrete pad to be cast without the reinforcement cage. The pad is one of two that provide overall stability to the building.
A further issue on the same project, continues the reporter, was cause for even greater alarm. As project structural engineer, one of his roles is to carry out an inspection of the work on site and he found that masonry panel cavity head restraint ties had not been installed by the brickwork sub-contractor.
Inadequate masonry construction
Furthermore, the normal cavity wall ties did not span the full cavity width. One tie to each leaf had been used, loosely hooked over each other in the cavity! The bricklayers admitted that they had run out of 140mm thick inner leaf blocks and had swapped to 100mm thick blocks. This resulted in the wall ties not being long enough and the reporter could, alarmingly, wobble a 3m wide x 2m high panel of cavity wall by hand!
The site operatives had every intention of 'bodging' the installation of the head restraint ties because the primary steel rafter had not been provided with vertical cleats as detailed on the drawings. They had also further risked the safety of the building occupiers (small children) by making decisions on site well outside their remit and trying to cover it up.
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Expert Panel Comments
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The steady reduction in site supervision and inspection and the changes from engineer to contractor over the years has resulted inexorably in the greater likelihood of serious shortcomings. In this case the contractor took design decisions, wittingly or unwittingly, which were outside his remit.
Quality control
Design codes explicitly require an adequate quality control system to be in place during the construction phase in order that the design is not invalidated. This is frequently ignored with predictable results. Designers should provide clear guidance to clients as to the necessary site quality management (QM) required and ensure it is included in the contract.
Design codes explicitly require an adequate quality control system to be in place during the construction phase in order that the design is not invalidated
In this case the difference in lateral stability provided by an infill masonry panel when substituting a 140mm blockwork leaf with a 100mm blockwork leaf is substantial. Effectively omitting wall ties to the cavity wall leaves is also compromising lateral stability of the wall and there can be no lateral transfer of wind load between the two leaves. The designed load paths for all elements are often complicated and are not always obvious particularly to a non engineer.
Stability compromised
Details that might look minor may be critical and design instructions to site should make that clear. Had these defects not been found the stability of the school hall would have been severely compromised. There is never any excuse for contractors to make unauthorised changes and this incident is a warning to those who think that omitting site audits is a way of saving money.